北京市居住区绿地植物组成及其物种多样性研究

为探讨北京市五环内居住区绿地植物种类、结构以及植物群落特性,於2005年5～8月进行机械布点,共调查乔木样方180个,灌木样方200个,草本样方1 095个.结果表明:①北京市居住区共有维管束植物68科178属273种.②从市中心到五环梯度群落物种多样性特征为:物种丰富度草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;均匀度乔木层、灌木层＞草本层;多样性指数灌木层、草本层＞乔木层.③绿地结构类型中,乔灌草交互组成的复层结构占优势.     

基于遥感与GIS的临淄区土地利用变化与生态环境效应研究

根据临淄区2008年、2012年和2018年三期土地利用数据,利用地理信息软件对2008-2018年这10年间临淄区的土地利用变化和生态环境效应进行了计算分析。结果表明:研究区2008~2018年主要土地利用类型为耕地和建设用地。10年间,草地和建设用地的面积增加,耕地、林地、水域和其他用地的面积减小,耕地减少的面积最大,建设用地增加的面积最多。草地增加的面积主要来自耕地和林地,建设用地主要来自耕地;耕地和水域为生态高敏感类型,林地为中敏感,草地低敏感,建设用地和其他用地不敏感。2008~2018年期间的土地利用类型变化导致临淄区中高风险、较高风险和低风险区域的面积不断增加,而中风险和低风险的面积不断减少,临淄区区域总体生态风险增加;10年间,生态环境质量指数逐年下降,2008~2012年,耕地转换为建设用地是生态环境质量恶化的主要因子,耕地转换为草地是生态环境质量改善的主要因子;2012~2018年,草地转换为建设用地是生态环境质量恶化的主要因子,建设用地转换为耕地是生态环境质量改善的主要因子。     

Alley cropping of sorghum with Leucaena during the post-rainy season on Vertisols in semi-arid India

A field experiment was conducted for two years (1989– 1991) on a Vertisol in Bijapur, India in a split-plot design, replicated four times, to evaluate the potential of alley cropping post-rainy season sorghum between Leucaena hedgerows. Leucaena produced on average 2.74 t per ha of prunings and 1.57 t per ha of wood annually. Alley cropping decreased sorghum yields by 28 to 45% when all Leucaena prunings were removed from the system and by 21 to 24%, when on average 1.92 t per ha prunings were applied to the soil annually. The reduction of sorghum yield increased as higher rates of N were applied to sorghum. Although alley cropping increased organic carbon by 21% and available N by 19% at the time of crop sowing, it did not result in increased crop yields because of competition for water between hedgerows and crops. Calculation of land equivalent ratios based on total Leucaena biomass indicated that alley cropping was more productive than sole cropping of sorghum only in one year, and that, too, when no N was applied to sorghum. Therefore, alley cropping of Vertisols with post-rainy season sorghum is not likely to have any advantage in the short term. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

内蒙古自治区的沙漠及沙漠化土地

文章叙述了采取系统抽样的方法,通过现地调查和遥感解译相结合,获取样地信息,利用数理统计的原理计算出各类沙漠化土地面积,利用卫星遥感技术、卫星定位技术和地理信息系统相结合,确定内蒙古沙漠和沙漠化土地的分布。监测表明,截至1999年内蒙古沙漠和沙漠化土地面积为42.08×104km2,占内蒙古自治区总面积118.3×104km2的35.6%。与1994年全国沙漠化土地监测结果对比,5a来全区沙漠化土地面积增加了15629km2,年均增加3126km2。内蒙古沙漠和沙漠化土地面积居全国第二位,而沙漠化土地扩展速度和可治理沙漠化土地面积居全国第一位。     

Cardamom, mandarin and nitrogen-fixing trees in agroforestry systems in India's Himalayan region. II. Soil nutrient dynamics

A study on seasonal soil nutrient dynamics was made in large cardamom (Amonum subulatum) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata) agroforestry systems in the Sikkim Himalaya, India. Alnus nepalensis was the N₂-fixing associate in the large cardamom system, and Albizia stipulata in the mandarin agroforestry system. Sites without N₂-fixing species in both agroforestry types comprised native non-symbiotic mixed tree species. Soil was acidic in the cardamom agroforestry and slightly acidic to neutral in the mandarin agroforestry system. Total-N in soils was the highest in the forest-cardamom stand and the lowest in the mandarin-based agroforestry systems. Soil ammonium-N and nitrate-N concentrations were highly seasonal, and the ratio of seasonal maximum and minimum varied up to six times. The C/N ratio was higher in cardamom agroforestry indicating lower N availability than in the mandarin agroforestry. Cardamom stand with Alnus showed a relatively narrower C/N ratio. N₂-fixing species help in maintenance of soil organic matter levels with higher N-mineralization rate as land use change from natural-forest system to agroforestry systems with sparse tree populations. Ratios of inorganic-P/total-P were lower in cardamom agroforestry than the mandarin agroforestry. Seasonal fluctuation in Ca-PO₄, Al-PO₄ and Fe-PO₄ contents regulated the availability of phosphates to some extent for plant uptake.     

Upland agriculture,the land frontier and forest decline in the Philippines

Population pressure, expansion of small-scale agriculture and shifting cultivation are commonly cited as the causes of tropical deforestation. A close examination of deforestation and agriculture in the Philippine uplands reveals, however, that the vast majority of agriculturists must be sedentary farmers. In addition, the importance of population pressure as a cause of deforestation in the Philippines cannot be supported by the available evidence. Lastly, the concept of arable land is shown to be of limited value in discussing upland agriculture in the Philippines.     

The Chagga homegardens: a multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania)

The homegardens are characterised by an intensive integration of numerous multipurpose trees and shrubs with food crops and animals, simultaneously on the same unit of land.The Chagga are skilled farmers with an intimate knowledge of the crops and their ecological requirements. They have a good idea of functions/uses of the plant species on their farms. The large species diversity provides both subsistence and cash crops. It enables the farmer to keep his management options open and provides insurance against drought, pest and economic risks.     

Land tenure and farm management efficiency: The case of smallholder rubber production in customary land areas of Sumatra

This study assesses the impact of land tenure institutions on the efficiency of farm management based on a case study of rubber production in customary land areas of Sumatra, Indonesia. Using the modes of land acquisition as measures of land tenure institutions, we estimated tree planting, revenue, income, and short-run profit functions, and internal rates of return to tree planting on smallholder rubber fields. We find generally insignificant differences in the incidence of tree planting and management efficiency (defined as residual profits) of rubber production between newly emerging private ownership and customary ownership. This is consistent with our hypothesis that tree planting confers stronger individual rights, if land rights are initially weak (as in the case of family land under customary land tenure systems). On the other hand, short-term profits are higher on land that is rented through share tenancy. This result indicates that rubber trees are over-exploited under renting arrangements due partly to the short-run nature of the land tenancy contracts and partly to the difficulty landowners face in supervising tapping activities of tenants in spatially dispersed rubber fields. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同整地方法对木豆植株生长及结实的影响

对印度引进的木豆晚熟品种ICP70 35 ,在怒江六库进行了不同整地方法的造林试验。试验结果表明 :木豆的单株产量以全垦整地方法为最高达 0 0 6 4kg/株 ,打塘整地方法最低为 0 0 38kg/株。通过投入与产出的经济效益分析 ,得出木豆单位面积的经济效益以全垦整地最高为 3773 2 0元 /hm2 ,种植沟整地次之为 2 932 6 0元 /hm2 ,打塘整地最低为 1971 90元 /hm2 。因此 ,在坡度较平缓、土层深厚的地块 ,宜采用全垦整地方法种植木豆 ;在坡度较大的地带 ,为最大程度地减少水土流失 ,宜采用打塘整地方法种植木豆。     

The forest garden system of Saparua island Central Maluku, Indonesia, and its role in maintaining tree species diversity

The dusuns of Central Maluku which improve fallows by planting spice trees such as clove (Syzygium aromaticum syn. Eugenia aromatica), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), or coconut (Cocos nucifera) and tending spontaneous regeneration, are an example of a species-rich forest garden system in the eastern hemisphere of the Indonesian archipelago. In this paper we report the influence of site conditions, as slope inclination, soil type, and soil depth, on species composition, tree species diversity, and stand structure in old dusuns in four villages on Saparua, a small island south of Seram. In addition, we compared the floristic composition and stand structure of old dusuns with those of primary forest and advanced fallow vegetation (∼15-yr old). Soil conditions, particularly the depth of the mineral soil layer, and the relief have a major influence on species selection in dusuns. The most common species in old dusuns were absent both in primary forest and forest fallow. Floristic similarity between old dusuns and the unmanaged stands was low. However, in two study villages species richness of old dusuns was similar to that of the primary forest. Old dusuns showed an open structure with an average reduction of basal area by about half compared to the primary forest. Less than half of all individuals found above 10 cm DBH in old dusuns were planted. Only very few species were exclusively planted. Most species were both planted and emerged from spontaneous regeneration. The results indicate the important role of spontaneous regeneration in this forest garden system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.